Anacardium Occidentale [Anac-Oc] এনাকার্ডিয়াম অক্সিডেন্টালিস

Anac-oc: বাহ্যিক শোথ।

Anac-oc: রাশ (Rhus) গ্রুপের ঔষধ বিষাক্ততা, রাসটক্সের অপব্যবহারের ফলে চর্ম উদ্ভেদ।

Anac-oc: মুখমণ্ডলে বেদনাযুক্ত উদ্ভেদ, বাম থেকে ডানে বিস্তৃত হয়, অত্যন্ত চুলকানি।

Anac-oc: পায়ের তলায় শৃঙ্গাকার কড়া ও চামড়া ফাটা ফাটা।

                                               Anac-oc : Anacardium Occidentale
SYNONYMS:

Cashew Nut


KINGDOM:

Plant


FAMILY:

Anacardiaceae


SOURCE:

Tincture of black juice between the outer and inner shell of the seed (Seeds are kidney shaped).


MIND:

-IMBECILITY WITH APHASIA.

-PARALYSIS AND COMA WITH IMBECILITY.

-Indifference and apathy.

-Weakness of memory.

-Muttering unintelligible.

-Will loss of in paralysis with imbecility.


KEYNOTES:

1. External dropsy.

2. Poisoning with abuse of Rhus species.

3. Erysipelatous eruption on the face spreading from the left to the right. Painful eruption on the face with excessive itching.

4. Lepra; eruption by Rhus poisoning, vesicular erysipelas with intolerable itching.

5. Corns and cracked skin of soles.

6. Horny callosities on the sole.

7. Secretion of urine increased.


CLINICAL:

Corns. Erysipelas. Imbecility. Itching. Paralysis


REMEDY RELATIONSHIPS:

Compare : Acon, Apis, Ars, Calc, Nux-m, Nux-v, Ph-ac, Rhus-t, Zinc.

Similar : Canth, Croto-t, Mez, Rhus-r, Rhus-t.

Antidoted By : Iod, Rhus-t.


ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE [Anac-oc]

+ Cashew Nut. Anacardiaceae

Introduction
The common cashewnut of the West Indies. It is easily distinguished from our anacardium which comes from the East Indies, by its kidney shaped, while the oriental nut the well proved medicine is heart shaped. It was never proved and is only known by the frequent cases of poisoning which occur from peeling or roasting the nut. The kernel is edible but it is advisable first to remove the germ between the halves.

The poisonous black juice contained between the outer and inner shell contains two peculiar principles Anacardic acid and Cardol. Poisonings are frequently mistaken for Rhus poisoning.

The effects on the skin are mentioned by C.Hg. in Cl.Mullers Vierteljahrschrift in 1861 Vol.12 p.276. No cures on record expecting from Segin in Hygea.

Mind
Loss of will; cannot control voluntary muscles.

Paralysis with imbecility.

Did not know his surroundings. Paralysis with imbecility.

Weak memory.

Difficult thinking.

Melancholy.

Hypochondriasis.

Sensorium
Apathy or anaesthesia.

Inner Head
Tearing headache on left side.

Outer Head
Head falls forward, difficult to keep it up.

Paralysis and imbecility.

Sight and Eyes
Scrofulous ophthalmia.

Hearing and Ears
Swelling of ears with burning and itching.

Upper Face
Erysipelas over whole face (from applying juice to destroy marks).

Swelling of face with itching and burning; next night after handling nuts.

Applied to face to remove cuticle and produce a fresher and more youthful appearance.

Face so much swollen that for a time not a feature was discernible (in a lady exposed to fumes of nut while roasting).

Lower Face
The juice corrodes lips and mouth.

Taste and Tongue
Cannot speak, only mutters unintelligible sounds.

Paralysis and imbecility.

Painfully swollen tongue from handling nuts.

Inner Mouth
Aphthae.

Eating and Drinking
Drinks run out of mouth. Paralysis with imbecility.

Stool and Rectum
Dysentery.

Urinary Organs
Increased urination.

Male Sexual Organs
Stimulates sexual desire.

Testicles swelled when touched with hands after handling nuts.

Female Sexual Organs
When during menses juice is applied, it causes erysipelas of face.

Uterine complaints and dropsy.

Respiration
Respiration free. Paralysis and imbecility.

Heart Pulse and Circulation
Pulse slow, moderately full, 60. Paralysis with imbecility.

Upper Limbs
Large blisters filled with a yellow fluid are raised on hands, followed by desquamation.

Warts.

Lower Limbs
Corns.

Fever
Temperature of body cool. Paralysis.

Locality and Direction
Left: tearing headache.

Left to right: red itching spots.

Sensations
Tearing pain: in left side of head.

Burning and itching: of ears and face.

Tissues
Scirrhous swellings.

Hard excrescences.

Proud flesh.

Skin
If hands are not washed carefully after handling nuts, they cause itching and painful burning swellings wherever they touch skin.

Corroding or dry tetters.

Red itching spots like nettle rash, similar to that of Rhus tox., spreading from left to right.

Used as a vesicant it causes itching and burning; then gradual reddening and swelling, followed by vesicles which become pustular; these are large and flat at first and gradually become confluent and break; the epidermis peels off, but leaves surface swollen, hyperaemic and suppurating for days.

The juice is used on corns, warts, ring worms and obstinate ulcers.

Stages of Life and Constitution
A woman, age 70, lost two grown-up children who died in the insane asylum; ulcers on the leg and attacks of vertigo so that she fell from chair; a year ago had what was called an apoplectic attack.

Paralysis with imbecility.

A lady, swollen face, from exposure to fumes when roasting nuts.

Relations
Collateral relations: Anac. orien.; Rhoes.

Similar to: Canthar.; Mez. (as a vesicant); Crot-t.; Rhus-rad.; Rhus-tox.

Antidoted by: Rhus-tox.

The tincture of Iodine was found useful as a local application to parts affected.

Rubrics: 30 Anac-oc
[56/30]
Total
[Complete ] [Mind]IMBECILITY:Aphasia, with: 3 1 / 1
[Murphy ] [Mind]IMBECILITY :Aphasia, with : 2 1 / 1
[Murphy ] [Chills]COLD, BODY, (SEE CHILLINESS, BODY) :Paralysis, in : 1 1 / 1
[Murphy ] [Generals]COLD, BODY, (SEE CHILLS, CHAPTER) :Paralysis, in : 1 1 / 1
[Murphy ] [Pulse]FULL, PULSE :Paralysis, with imbecility : 2 1 / 1
[Murphy ] [Pulse]SLOW, PULSE :60 :60, in paralysis, with imbecility : 2 1 / 1
[Murphy ] [Pulse]SLOW, PULSE :Paralysis, in, with imbecility : 2 1 / 1
[Clarke ] [Clinical]IMBECILITY: 2 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Mind and Disposition]TALKING:Muttering:Unintelligible (paralysis and imbecility): 3 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Mind and Disposition]UNCONSCIOUS:Paralysis with imbecility: 3 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Outer Head]POSITION:Falls forward, difficult to keep it up (paralysis with imbecility): 2 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Upper Face]ERUPTION:Erysipelas:Menses, during: 1 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Upper Face]SWELLING:Feature, not a, discernible (rhus poisoning): 3 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Taste and Tongue]SPEECH:Aphasia:Paralysis, in, with imbecility: 3 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Taste and Tongue]SWOLLEN:Painful: 1 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Inner Mouth]PARALYSIS:Drink runs out (imbecility): 1 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Male Sexual Organs]TESTICLES:Swollen:Touched with hands after handling juice of: 1 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Heart, Pulse and Circulation]PULSE:Full:Paralysis, with imbecility: 3 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Heart, Pulse and Circulation]PULSE:Slow:60 In paralysis, with imbecility: 3 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Heart, Pulse and Circulation]PULSE:Slow:Paralysis, in, with imbecility: 3 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Upper Limbs]HAND:Eruption:Blisters, large, yellow fluid, desquamation: 1 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Nerves]PARALYSIS:Mental condition:Imbecility, with: 3 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Fever]TEMPERATURE:Decreased (fallen, low, subnormal):Paralysis, in: 1 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Tissues]MUSCLES:Control voluntary, cannot (paralysis with imbecility): 3 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Skin]ERUPTION:Spots (patches):Red, itching like nettle rash (similar to rhus, spreading left to right: 1 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Skin]ERUPTION:Vesicles (blisters):Flat, large, then confluent and break: 1 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Skin]ERUPTION:Vesicles (blisters):Pustular, following swelling of skin: 1 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Skin]ITCHING:Hands, whenever touched by, after handling: 1 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Skin]SWELLING:Burning, wherever touched by hands, after handling: 1 1 / 1
[Knerr ] [Skin]SWELLING:Vesicles, followed by, become pustular: 1 1 / 1

SOME BAD INDIGESTION CASES [Indigestion Cases]

Book
HEAL THYSELF (The Homoeopathic World) A Popular journal of Medical, Dietetic, Social and Sanitary Science By J ELLIS BARKER.

Volume
1939 Sep Vol LXXIV No 885

Author
Ellis Barker J.

Subject
Cases

Remedy
Ars / Arn / Ign / Rhus-t / Alum / Nat-p / Nux-v / Anac-oc / Thuj / Calen / Carb-v / Merc-d / Thyr / Diph / Hep / Arg-n.

BY Ellis Barker J.

ON February 21st, 1939, I was visited by Mr. O., a retired professional man, 62 years old, who came to me complaining about chronic indigestion with pain at the stomach outlet and a dull pain in the region of the caecum. This trouble had been in existence for more than twenty years.

Mr. O. had been thought the Great War, had received numerous wounds and injuries, and for more than twenty years he had been treated with anti-acids in the usual way. Besides he had been to well-known nature cure resort where he had been fasted and dieted, and the treatment had upset him badly. Every now and then he had a violent attack of indigestion which compelled him either to undergo a complete fast or to go on to a milk diet. Mr. O. used to weigh twelve stone, but his sufferings had reduced his weight to ten stone. After the War he had had a large number of carbuncles which were treated in the usual way by incision and drainage, without much success.

I was interested to learn that his pain was relieved by eating, a symptom which indicates Anacardium, and that he found vegetables and salad difficult to digest, a symptom which called for Arsenic. He had been vaccinated three times, and had obviously been upset. Vaccinated poisoning very frequently leads to the formation of polypi, and he had suffered from polypi. I gave him a lacto-vegetarian diet and gave him various remedies which were called for, particularly Arsenic 3 for fruit and salad indigestion, and Anacardium 3x which is indicated when digestive difficulties are relieved by eating. I gave him one a week a dose of Anacardium 200, and once a week a dose of Thuja 200 to antidote vaccination. Gentian is an excellent remedy to create an appetite assist digestion, and Calendula is an excellent wound disinfectant. It is particularly attractive because it is non- poisonous. I concluded that his chronic indigestion was largely due to the rawness of the stomach and the mucous membrane, a condition which was almost equivalent to that of an unhealthy wound. I gave him a mixture of Calendula tincture and Gentian tincture in equal parts, ten drops to taken in water half an hour before meals. Very promptly there was improvement. He found it no longer necessary to have periodic fasts or to subsist periodically on milk alone. He began to gain weight and strength after twenty years of suffering. He put on a great deal of weight became totally changed in mind and body.

In the course of months many different remedies had to be given. Each symptom had to be acted upon. I had to give him Hydrastis for his liver, Argentum nitricum for great acidity, Arnica for physical and mental fatigue, Ambra grisea for his nerves, Natrum phosphoricum for acidity, Lycopodium for flatulence, and so forth.

When he came to me he had lost all confidence in himself. Gradually he became a healthy, sturdy man, who was able to enjoy life one more.

On May 3rd, 1939, I was visited by Mr. W.H., who lived in the South of England. He had been a decorator before in the War, had done much painting, and he complained of most terrible suffering from chronic indigestion. As he had been a painter I had a suspicion that his sufferings might be due to lead poisoning. However, there were no indications of lead poisoning such as the well-known lead line on the gums.

His indigestion had started at the end of the War and he had been treated for gastric catarrh, colitis and for ulceration of the stomach. Mr. H. was well made and well proportioned, but prematurely aged. He had an earthy yellow skin, heavily lined, there were big bags under his eyes, and he complained of being completely strengthless. Physically and mentally he felt far below par. He was sentimental, could not digest fat, he had a dry mouth and little thirst. He was 10 stone 11 pounds when he came to me, and had lost more than a stone in weight. He felt depressed. He had to give up work long ago. He had lost all hope of recovery and came to me only when friends of his had urged him persistently to apply to me for help.

He improved rapidly. After a week he wrote to one: ” I have gained 12 pounds in weight.” After another week he told me: ” I can report a further gain of 2 pounds.” On June 7th he reported: “My weight is now 11 stone 4 pounds, the highest recorded although I am wearing lighter clothes”.

With increasing weight and improvement of digestion there came gain in strength. On June 28th he wrote: “For the first time months I have been able to work in the garden during the last two days without any exhaustion, and even with some pleasure”.

I saw Mr. H. on July 18th and found that he was a totally different man. He was no longer deeply jaundiced but had an almost normal colour, the whites of his eyes were white instead of being yellow, he was light-hearted, lithe in his movements, was far more active mentally, he had gained 10 pounds in weight, his rheumatism had practically disappeared, the terrible dragging in the abdomen had vanished, he was a totally different man, and full of gratitude.

On December 5th, 1938, I was visited by Mr. F., of Sussex, who came to me complaining of indigestion and colitis. Colitis is a scientific name for catarrh of the bowel. The patient was 53 years old, had retired from business, was living chiefly for his health exercising horses and dogs. Mr. F explained to me that he had suffered severely with digestion since childhood, had always been extremely thin, had a physical breakdown twelve years ago, and had been twice vaccinated. He had been a great meat earth, had treated by orthodox and by nature cure methods, and had always been constipated.

At the first glance I noticed that Mr. F. had deep and almost perpendicular lines at the sides of his mouth, lines of suffering which spelt dragging down of the abdominal organs, scientifically called enteroptosis. He was well over six feet in height, but terribly thin, and weighed only 82 stone. the right side of the body was the worst side, a symptom which indicated Lycopodium, and his need for Lycopodium was confirmed by prefering to go about with a hat, by his being shy, feeling best on rising and worst between 4 and 8 oclock in the evening, and by bloating of the abdomen, especially in the fight side, in the caecum area.

I gave him a diet designed to strengthen his muscles and organs. He was to take from two to three pints of milk a day plenty of eggs, cheese, wholemeal bread, wholemeal flour, and an abundance of bran to regulate his bowels. I gave him a combination of Ignatia and Carbo vegetabilis to his assist his digestion, Lycopodium 3x for bloating to be taken occasionally as needed, and he was to take first and last thing a dose of Lycopodium 12x because his symptoms pointed to the need for Lycopodium. For his colitis he was to take between meals doses of Mercurius dulcis 3x. Before meals he was given a grain of Thyroid to increase his appetite, every Thursday night he was to take a dose of Lycopodium 200, and every Saturday night a dose of Sepia 200 for the sagging down of his abdominal organs.

He improved immediately, and was very grateful, but of course there were setbacks. When a disease has been in evidence for decades one can never expect continued and uninterrupted improvement. Although there were many ups and downs, he improved most gratifyingly.

He visited me on May 2nd, 1939, and I wrote to him: ” You look extremely well, infinitely better than you did when I saw you the last time.” His bowel attacks disappeared completely, he no longer was afraid to eat, he ate hearty meals, became stronger than he had been for many years, went for longer excursions in the plains, went mountaineering in Corsica, etc.

Of course, I had to use many remedies to obtain this result, but those employed in the first instance proved well chosen and helpful.

On April 6th, 1939, I saw Miss C., who came to me in the following circumstances. A patient of mine, Miss W., had done exceedingly well. Her best friend was Miss C., and Miss C. had been desperately ill for more than four years. She had been a jolly, highly intelligent, powerful girl, but had developed a mysterious illness and had gradually declined until she was no longer able to walk or to stand or to use her hands. Her whole body was distorted, her power of speech had largely gone, and she and her friends were in despair.

My patient, Miss W., had frequently urged her to consult me, but Miss C. and her widowed mother were very much opposed to consulting anyone except qualified medical practitioners. Miss C.s mother was the widow of a doctor and both Mrs. C. and her daughter were convinced that if the best qualified specialists were unable to cure, it would be useless to go to an outsider who possessed no medical title.

After months of entreaty on the part of Miss W., Mrs. C. consented to her daughter consulting me. Miss C. was in a ghastly condition. She arrived in a car and had to be carried up to my consulting rooms by three people. Obviously she was strongly prejudiced against me, and looked at with eyes of hostility, if not of hatred. In order to steady her nerves I did a few passes on her head, but felt her resentment. I then gave her a dose of Ignatia which she swallowed with contempt. The mother started telling me at length what the doctors and specialists had said. She told me among other things that her daughter had lost more than 60 pounds in weight, and all the doctors and specialists had declared her daughter incurable, and informed her quite frankly that she could only get worse.

The recital of the views of the specialists made my blood boil. I brusquely told the mother: “I am not interested in the slightest in what the various specialists have said because they have done no good to your daughter, but I am very interested to learn what they have done.” It then came out that they had treated the poor woman with nothing but dopes. She was given dope to alleviate the intolerable pain, dope to make her sleep, dope to steady her nerves, etc. I had difficulty in controlling my anger.

Miss C. had a ghastly complexion, full of blotches which were largely caused by bromide, but I noticed a faint odour which told its own tale. I asked her mother, “How often does your daughter have a motion ?” “About once every fine days.” “And what is the character of the motion ?” “It is pestilential.” “What is her urine like ?” “Like thick soup.” “So the poor child has been poisoned from the bowels for years and years and the doctors and specialists have done nothing for the bowel poisoning, but have added to these poisons chemical poisons of the most dangerous kind”.

The hands of poor Miss C. were absolutely useless. They were completely distorted. She could not wipe her nose. I took one of her hands, manipulated it vigorously, and immediately it became slightly usable. Meanwhile the passes I had made on her head, the dose of Ignatia, and my general attitude had obviously done good. Miss C. looked distinctly better and brighter, and could not deny it when she looked into the mirror. For the first time in the course of years she had been given some reasonable hope.

I gave the girl a lacto-vegetarian diet, regulated the bowel with liquid paraffin, ordered the gradual reduction of sleeping draught, and gave her a combination of Nux vomica and Carbo vegetabilis to be taken before meals for her digestion, one grain of Thyroid to be taken after meals to increase her appetite. To clear her horrible skin and complexion she was to take a dose of Hepar sulphuris 2x first and last thing, and as her stiffness and pain were relieved by movement she was to take a dose of Rhus tox. 3x between meals.

If one wishes to treat a difficult case one must not only deal with the most striking symptoms presented by the patient, but must enquire into the past and deal with the far off causes of the disease. This point is usually neglected by doctors. Her trouble were obviously associated with very serious attacks of scarlatina and of diphtheria which had occurred many years ago. Besides aluminium was used in the kitchen, which very frequently produces stiffness of limbs and even paralysis. So the patient was to take a dose Scarlatinum 200 last think every monday, A dose of Alumina 200 last thing on thursday, and dose of Diphtherinum 200 last thing on Saturday.

The painfully stiff and useless limbs were to be massaged and manipulated with unrefined cod-liver-oil. Gradually various changes were effected. As the girl had been badly upset by vaccination occasional doses of Thuja 200 were administered.

On June 8th Miss C. was brought to me for the second time. I wrote to her mother: “I found your daughter greatly improved, to my great joy. She looks a totally different woman. She is very different as regards complexion, liveliness, feeling of muscles and hands and flexibility of joints, etc. It is absolutely essential that she has three motions a day and that she flushes her inside with quantities of liquid such as vegetable water, nettle tea and potato water.” I gave her occasionally homoeopathic tonics. the result has been very gratifying. Her weight had boon steadily going down until she came to me. In three months she gained 10 pounds n weight, could stand and could walk short distances unaided. Her fingers became more flexible and more usable. Instead of looking deeply jaundiced she acquired a beautiful clear skin, bright eyes, glossy hair and looked many years younger.

The process of treatment will necessarily be long drawn out, but the facts given suffice to show that even in the most desperate cases something can be done, and that very few diseases are incurable, that the diagnosis of incurable disease made by distinguished specialists can safely be disregarded in innumerable cases.

✅ আমাদের সফল চিকিৎসার প্রমাণ দেখতে লিংকে ক্লিক করুণ।


১. টিউমার, ক্যান্সার ও সিস্ট রোগ সমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

২. চর্ম, নখ ও চুলের রোগ সমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

৩. গাইনী, প্রসূতি ও স্তনের রোগ সমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

৪. নাক, কান, গলা ও শ্বাসতন্ত্রের রোগসমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

৫. মানসিক রোগ সমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

৬. রিউমাটোলজি, হাড় পেশী ও জয়েন্টের রোগসমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

৭. নবজাতক ও শিশু রোগসমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

৮. ব্রেইন, স্পাইনাল কর্ড ও নার্ভের রোগসমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

৯. যৌন শক্তি ও যৌন বাহিত রোগসমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

১০. কিডনি, মুত্র, প্রোস্টেট গ্ল্যান্ড ও পুরুষ জননাঙ্গের রোগসমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

১১. গ্যাস্ট্রোএন্টারোলজি বা পেটের রোগ সমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

১২. মলদ্বার, পায়ুপথ ও কোলনের রোগ সমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

১৩. লিভার ও পিত্তের রোগসমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

১৪. চোখ, দৃষ্টি শক্তি ও চোখের পাতার রোগসমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

১৫. জ্বর, সংক্রামক ও ইমার্জেন্সি রোগ সমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

১৬. ডায়াবেটিস ও হরমোন জনিত রোগসমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

১৭. দাঁত ও মুখের রোগসমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

১৮. হার্টের রোগ সমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।

১৯. রক্ত, বোনম্যারু, প্লিহা ও লিম্ফ নোডের রোগসমূহ হোমিওপ্যাথি চিকিৎসায় সফলতার প্রমাণ দেখুন।


✅ আমাদের সফল চিকিৎসার ভিডিও প্রমাণ দেখতে ডান পার্শের মেনুতে রোগের নাম লিখে সার্চ করুন।

 

About The Author

D.H.M.S (Dhaka), M.M (BMEB) Consultant Homoeopathic physician Researcher, books author and speaker Owner of HD Homeo Sadan  CEO of HD Health Lecturer: Ashulia Homeopathic Medical College

Related posts

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *